UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA

“JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO”

Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia

Campus de São José dos Campos

ORIGINAL ARTICLE DOI: https://doi.org/10.4322/bds.2023.e3945

Braz Dent Sci 2023 Oct/Dec;26 (4): e3945

Light-curing of calcium hydroxide-based liners: pH analysis and

calcium ion release

Fotoativação de forradores a base de hidróxido de cálcio: análise de pH e liberação de íons cálcio

Paulo Fermino da COSTA NETO

, Mariana Bena GELIO

, Joissi Ferrari ZANIBONI

, Jardel Camilo do Carmo MONTEIRO

,

Adirson JORGE JÚNIOR

, Milton Carlos KUGA



1 - Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araraquara, Departamento de Odontologia

Restauradora, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.

How to cite: Costa PF No, Gelio MB, Zaniboni JF, Monteiro JCC, Jorge A Jr, Kuga MC. Light-curing of calcium hydroxide-based liners:

pH analysis and calcium ion release. Braz Dent Sci. 2023;26(4):e3945. https://doi.org/10.4322/bds.2023.e3945

ABSTRACT

Objective: Compare the pH values and calcium ion release of calcium hydroxide-based liner materials before

and after light-curing. Material and Methods: The materials evaluated were: hydrox-cal white (HW), hydrox-

cal dentin (HD), Biocal (BC) and UltraBlend Plus (UB). 120 samples of the liner materials were inserted into

a PVC tube (n=15). The samples from HW+A, HD+A, BC+A and UB+A were subjected to photoactivation.

The other groups HW+N, HD+N, BC+N and UB+N were only inserted in a glass tube with deionized water.

The pH was measured 24 hours and 14 days after the inclusion of the samples with the aid of a pH meter. The

calcium release was analyzed with the aid of an atomic absorption spectophotometer at 24h and 14 days. The

results were submitted to the Shapiro-Wilk test, followed by ANOVA and Tukey test (p=0.05). Results: In 24h,

the groups that were not light cured showed the highest pH values (p<0.05). In 14 days, BC+N and BC+A

demonstrated the lowest pH values. The groups that were not light cured also showed higher calcium release

values in 24h and 14 days (p<0.05). Conclusion: Photoactivation of calcium hydroxide-based liner materials

negatively interferes with calcium ion release, as well as with pH.

KEYWORDS

Acidication; Alkalinization; Calcium hydroxide; Hydrogen-ion concentration; Light-curing.

RESUMO

Objetivo: Comparar os valores de pH e liberação de íons cálcio de materiais forradores à base de hidróxido de

cálcio antes e depois da fotopolimerização. Material e métodos: Os materiais avaliados foram: Hidrox-cal branco

(HW), Hidrox-cal dentina (HD), Biocal (BC) e UltraBlend Plus (UB). 120 amostras dos materiais de revestimento

foram inseridas em um tubo de PVC (n=15). As amostras de HW +A, HD+A, BC+A e UB+A foram submetidas à

fotoativação. Os demais grupos HW +N, HD+N, BC+N e UB+N foram inseridos apenas em um tubo de vidro com

água deionizada. O pH foi medido 24 horas e 14 dias após a inclusão das amostras com o auxílio de um medidor

de pH. A liberação de cálcio foi analisada com o auxílio de um espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica em 24h e

14 dias. Os resultados foram submetidos ao teste de Shapiro-Wilk, seguido de ANOVA e teste de Tukey (p=0,05).

Resultados: Em 24h, os grupos não fotopolimerizados apresentaram os maiores valores de pH (p<0,05). Em 14 dias,

BC+N e BC+A apresentaram os menores valores de pH. Os grupos não fotopolimerizados também apresentaram

maiores valores de liberação de cálcio em 24h e 14 dias (p<0,05). Conclusão: A fotoativação de materiais de

revestimento à base de hidróxido de cálcio interfere negativamente na liberação de íons cálcio e no pH.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

Acidicação; Alcalinização; Concentração de íons de hidrogênio; Fotopolimerização; Hidróxido de cálcio.

Braz Dent Sci 2023 Oct/Dec;26 (4): e3945

Costa Neto PF et al.

Light-curing of calcium hydrox ide-based liners: pH analysis and calcium ion r elease

Costa Neto PF et al.

Light-curing of calcium hydroxide-based liners: pH analysis

and calcium ion release

INTRODUCTION

Calcium hydroxide was introduced in

dentistry in 1920 and is highly recommended as a

protective agent for the dentin-pulp complex [1].

The material has high solubility and slow release

of calcium and hydroxyl ions [2] when in contact

with humid environment [1]. The presence of

calcium ions in dentin promotes remineralization,

while the hydroxyl ion inhibits the action of

microorganisms and alkalizes the pH of the

region [3], thus promoting the formation of hard

tissue [1].

Several materials are proposed in the

literature as protective agents of the dentin-

pulp complex. The objective of using these

materials is to prevent pulpal exposure in cases of

extensive and deep caries, besides favoring dental

remineralization by the formation of restorative

dentin in the region [4]. Calcium hydroxide is

still one of the main materials of choice for this

procedure due to alkalinization, biocompatibility

and remineralization, which provides formation

of tertiary dentin [4,5].

However, their high solubility, poor

mechanical properties, and lack of adhesion

to dentinal tissue make them unviable. As a

solution to the problem, some calcium hydroxide-

based materials that allow photoactivation have

appeared in the market [5,6]. The addition

of polymerizable methacrylates allowed their

physical properties, chemical stability and

solubility to be improved [7-9], making their

clinical use more favorable and practical.

Although photoactivation replaces the

deficiencies that calcium hydroxide cements

had, its use may prevent or reduce the release of

calcium and hydroxyl ions into the tooth tissue,

besides not achieving a good pH stability, thus

affecting dentin remineralization [3]. However,

there are controversies about this change in

pH and ion release using light-cured calcium

hydroxide-based materials [6]. Therefore, it

is of interest to evaluate whether light-curing

interferes with the beneficial properties of

calcium hydroxide-based materials. Therefore,

it is necessary to compare the pH values and the

presence of calcium ions before and after light

curing.

The aim of this study was to evaluate

the hydrogen potencial and calcium release

of cavity luting cements containing calcium

hydroxide (Hydrox-cal white, Hydrox-cal dentin,

Biocal and Ultra-Blend Plus) before and after

photoactivation, at 24 hours and 14 days, by

measuring pH with a pH meter and by atomic

absorption spectroscopy to evaluate calcium

ions. The null hypotheses (H0) there were no

differences in relation to pH and calcium release

in the calcium hydroxide cements with or no

photoactivation.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The analyses were performed by a single

operator who did not know which groups were

being evaluated. Table I shows the materials

used, manufactures and chemical composition.

Evaluated groups

- HW+N (Hydrox-cal white, not

photoactivated): the material was directly

inserted into the polyethylene tube and

immediately immersed in distilled water; -

HW+A (Hydrox-cal white, photoactivated):

After the material was inserted in the

polyethylene tubes, the set underwent

photoactivation using a LED unit (Valo;

South Jordan, UT, USA) at potency of

1200mW/cm

, positioned 5 mm apart for 20

Table I - Liner materials, manufacturer and chemical composition

Materials Manufacturer Chemical compositiom

Hidrox-cal white Maquira, (Maringá, PR, BR)

Calcium hydroxide (7.5%), UDMA, Tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate,

Subtle Hydroxy Toluene, Camphorquinone, Chivacure EPD, 1.0µm glass

ﬁller

Hidrox-cal dentin Maquira, (Maringá, PR, BR)

Calcium Hydroxide (7.5%), UDMA, Tetraethylene Glycoldimethacrylate,

Subtle Hydroxy Toluene, Camphorquinone, Chivacure EPD, 1.0 µm Glass

Filler, Yellow Iron Oxide, Red Iron Oxide, Titanium Dioxide

Biocal Biodinâmica (Ibiporã, PR, BR)

Calcium hydroxide, UDMA, inorganic particles, barium sulfate,

photoactivator and pigments

Ultra-Blend Plus Ultradent (South Jordan, UT, USA) UDMA, calcium hydroxide

Braz Dent Sci 2023 Oct/Dec;26 (4): e3945

Costa Neto PF et al.

Light-curing of calcium hydrox ide-based liners: pH analysis and calcium ion r elease

Costa Neto PF et al.

Light-curing of calcium hydroxide-based liners: pH analysis

and calcium ion release

seconds. Immediately, the specimens were

immersed in distilled water;

- HD+N (Hydrox-cal dentin, not light cured):

similar to HW +N, but Hydrox-cal dentin

was used;

- HD+A (Hydrox-cal dentin light cured):

similar to HW+A, but Hydrox-cal dentin was

used;

- BC+N (Biocal, not light cured): similar to

HW+N, but Biocal was used;

- BC+A (Biocal, light cured): similar to

HW+A, but Biocal was used;

- UB+N (Ultra-blend Plus, not light cured):

similar to HW+N, but Ultra-blend Plus was

used;

- UB+A (Ultra-blend Plus, light cured): similar

to HW+A, but Ultra-blend Plus was used.

pH analysis

Fifteen specimens from each group were

prepared for the study, totaling 120 individualized

samples. The materials, described in Table I,

were inserted in polyethylene tubes (10 mm

length x 1 mm internal diameter) compacted

at the ends, with a spatula 24, to avoid lateral

extrusion of the materials. To standardize the

volume contained in the specimens, the set

was weighed on an analytical balance, with

precision of 0.0001g (ATY224; Shimadzu, São

Paulo, SP, BR), and maintained at a weight of

10 + 0.1 mg. After insertion and standardization

of the volume of materials in polyethylene

tubes, HW+A, HD+A, BC+A and UB+A were

subjected to photoactivation. Immediately after,

all specimens were individually immersed in glass

vials with 10 mL of distilled deionized water with

controlled pH (pH=7), sealed with a plastic cap

and kept at rest at a constant temperature of

37ºC. After 24 hours, the pH of the distilled water

was measured with a pH meter (Q-400; Quimis

Instrument, São Paulo, SP, BR), previously

calibrated with buffered solutions (pH 4.0 and

7.0), as described by Duarte et al. (2007) [9].

Calcium release analysis

After pH measurement, the solution in which

the specimens were immersed was analyzed to

quantify the presence of calcium released by

the materials. For this, an atomic absorption

spectrophotometer (Spectra 55B - Varian, Inc.,

Palo Alto, CA, USA) was used.

Initially, lanthanum oxide was added to

all samples in a proportion of 1% in relation to

the volume of the initial content, to avoid the

interference of phosphate ions on the analysis.

After calibration of the spectrophotometer with

standard solutions containing calcium at the

values of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ppm, the measurement

was performed.

After the pH and calcium release measurements

were completed within 24 hours, the specimens

were again immersed in 10 mL of distilled water.

The set was stored and kept in the same conditions

as previously described. After 14 days, a new

measurement of pH and calcium release in the

solution was obtained.

Statistical analysis

The results obtained from the pH and calcium

release analyses were submitted to the Shapiro-

Wilk tetes to evaluate the homoscedasticity of the

data. Then, the values were analyzed by ANOVA

and Tukey (α=0.05) tests.

RESULTS

pH analysis

After 24 h of immersion in distilled water,

HW+N, HD+N, and UB+N provided the highest

pH values (P<0.05). BC+A provided the lowest

pH value (P<0.05). On the other hand, HW+A

and HD+A provided higher pH value than BC+N

(P<0.05). There were no differences between

HW+N, HD+N and UB+N or between HW+A,

HD+A and UB+N (P>0.05).

After 14 days, BC+N and BC+A provided

the lowest pH values (P<0.05) but were similar

to each other (P>0.05). There was no difference

among the other groups (P>0.05).

Table II shows the arithmetic mean and

standard deviation of the pH values at 24 hours

and 14 days of immersion in distilled water as a

function of photoactivation of calcium hydroxide-

containing pulp protection agents.

Calcium release analysis

After 24, HW+N, HD+N, and UB+N

provided the highest calcium release values

(P<0.05), but similar to each other (P>0.05).

Braz Dent Sci 2023 Oct/Dec;26 (4): e3945

Costa Neto PF et al.

Light-curing of calcium hydrox ide-based liners: pH analysis and calcium ion r elease

Costa Neto PF et al.

Light-curing of calcium hydroxide-based liners: pH analysis

and calcium ion release

BC+N and BC+A provided the lowest calcium

release values (P<0.05) and similar to each other

(P>0.05). There was no difference between the

other groups (P>0.05).

After 14 days, HW+N, HD+N, and UB+N

provided the highest calcium release values

(P<0.05), whereas, BC+A provided the lowest ion

release value (P<0.05). HW+A, HD+N, and BC+N

showed similar values among themselves (P>0.05)

and different from the other groups (P<0.05).

Table III shows the arithmetic mean and

standard deviation of calcium release values (mg/L)

at 24 hours and 14 days of immersion in distilled

water as a function of photoactivation of pulp

protection agents containing calcium hydroxide.

DISCUSSION

For this study, four light-cured calcium

hydroxide-based materials were used to evaluate

calcium ion release and pH values. The null

hypotheses were rejected because there was

variation in pH and calcium release between the

groups that were subjected to the light-curing

process and those that were not.

The sample size calculation in this study was

based on previous studies that used the same

analysis methodology [8-10]. The use of pH

meter and atomic absorption spectophotometer

are methods accepted in the literature, used in

previous studies [8,11,12].

The aim of using calcium hydroxide is to

stimulate dentin remineralization [1,10] and, for

this to happen, the material must have an alkaline

pH in order to demonstrate hydrogenrogen

potential [8,13]. Moreover, the release of

calcium into the environment is essential for

remineralization to occur.

The incorporation of polymerizable

methacrylates to calcium hydroxide allows the

material to have lower solubility and adhesion

to dentin [1-3]. However, there is a signicant

difference when comparing the pH value of the

material with and without light-curing. This may

be explained by the fact that some methacrylates

do not light-cure completely [14,15]. This

justies what was found in BC+A, where the

lowest pH values were found compared to the

other groups evaluated.

For the pH value to be alkaline, hydroxyl ions

must be present [1-3]. After the photoactivation

process, the polymers formed prevent hydroxyl

ion dissociation, which explains the low pH

values of the groups that were light-cured [16].

Moreover, the pH value may be associated with

the solubility of the material. The higher the

solubility, the greater the capacity of the material

to reach alkaline pH [17,18].

Table III - Arithmetic mean and standard deviation of calcium release values (in mg/L), 24 hours and 14 days of immersion in distilled water, as

a function of photoactivation of pulp protection agents containing calcium hydroxide

HW+N HW+A HD+N HD+A BC+N BC+A UB+N UB+A

24h

x

40.16

3.37

39.26

4.68

0.16

0.13

41.82

4.85

SD 10.11 0.95 13.64 1.37 0.01 0.03 14.11 1.08

14d

x

4.79

0.58

4.80

0.60

0.41

0.07

4.84

0.57

SD 0.97 0.01 1.17 0.09 0.11 0.01 1.39 0.12

a,b,c

Diﬀerent letters on the same line indicate signiﬁcant diﬀerences (P < 0.05).

HW+N, non-light-cured hydroxy-cal; HW, light-cured white hydroxy-cal; HD+N, non-light cured dentin hydroxy-cal; HD+A, light-cured hydroxy-

cal; BC+N, non-light-cured Biocal; BC+A, light-cured Biocal; UB+N, non-light cured Ultra-Blend Plus; UB+A, light-cured Ultra-Blend Plus; x ,

arithmetic mean; SD, standard deviation.

Table II - Arithmetic mean and standard deviation of pH values, periods of 24 hours and 14 days of immersion in distilled water, as a function

of photoactivation of pulp protection agents containing calcium hydroxide

HW+N HW+A HD+N HD+A BC+N BC+A UB+N UB+A

24h

x

8.78

7.31

8.84

7.30

6.33

5.57

8.95

7.35

SD 0.27 0.16 0.31 0.21 0.33 0.12 0.38 0.39

14d

x

7.35

7.21

7.39

7.29

6.23

6.35

7.40

7.50

SD 0.18 0.40 0.15 0.38 0.43 0.18 0.20 0.75

a,b,c,d

Diﬀerent letters on the same line indicate signiﬁcant diﬀerences (P < 0.05). HW+N, non-light-cured hydroxy-cal; HW, light-cured white

hydroxy-cal; HD+N, non-light cured dentin hydroxy-cal; HD+A, light-cured hydroxy-cal; BC+N, non-light-cured Biocal; BC+A, light-cured Biocal;

UB+N, non-light cured Ultra-Blend Plus; UB+A, light-cured Ultra-Blend Plus; x , arithmetic mean; SD, standard deviation.

Braz Dent Sci 2023 Oct/Dec;26 (4): e3945

Costa Neto PF et al.

Light-curing of calcium hydrox ide-based liners: pH analysis and calcium ion r elease

Costa Neto PF et al.

Light-curing of calcium hydroxide-based liners: pH analysis

and calcium ion release

The release of calcium ions from the material

into th dentinal tissue is essential for the formation

of mineralized hard tissue [19]. It was observed

that the materials tested after photoactivation

showed lower ion values when compared to

the same material without photoactivation,

corroborating the study of Camilleri (2014) [20].

In an experimental in vivo study, the authors

observed that the use of photopolymerized

calcium hydroxide-based material did not form

mineralized tissue on the dental pulp within

15 days [21,22]. This may be explained by the

low release of calcium ion from these materials

when subjected to light-curing.

Due to the light-curing process of these

materials, there is a conversion of monomers into

polymers. This conversion leads to the formation

of a large marginal space between the dental

tissue and the protective material, preventing it

from coming into contact with moisture, leading

to a lower calcium ion release.

Efcient light-curing is one of the factors

for a correct conversion of monomers into

polymers. Therefore, it is necessary that further

studies, varying the photoactivation devices,

as well as the time and power, be performed

in order to question whether the light-curing

process effectively interferes in the effects of

these materials.

Further studies are needed to evaluate the

cytotoxicity of these monomers to pulp tissue

and the temperature increase caused by the light-

curing process.

CONCLUSION

Photoactivation of calcium hydroxide-based

dentin-pulp cements negatively interferes with

the hydrogen potential and calcium ion release.

However, these effects tend to stabilize after

14 days. Peculiarly, BC showed the worst values

in relation to the analyses performed.

Author’s Contributions

MCK: Conceptualization. PFCN, MBG,

JFZ, MCK: Methodology. PFCN, JCCM, AJJ:

Software. MBG, JFZ, MCK: Validation. PFCN,

JCCM, AJJ, MCK: Formal Analysis. PFCN, MBG,

JFZ: Investigation. JCCM, AJJ, MCK: Resources.

PFCN, MCK: Data Curation. PFCN, MBG, JFZ:

Writing – Original Draft Preparation. JCCM,

AJJ, MCK: Writing – Review & Editing. MCK:

Visualization. MCK: Supervision. PFCN, MCK:

Project Administration. MCK: Funding Acquisition.

Conict of Interest

All authors declare that they have no

conicts of interest.

Funding

None.

Regulatory Statement

None.

REFERENCES

1. Mohammadi Z, Dummer PM. Properties and applications of

calcium hydroxide in endodontics and dental traumatology. Int

Endod J. 2011;44(8):697-730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-

2591.2011.01886.x. PMid:21535021.

2. Farhad A, Mohammadi Z. Calcium hydroxide: a review. Int

Dent J. 2005;55(5):293-301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1875-

595X.2005.tb00326.x.

3. Rosa WLO, Lima VP, Moraes RR, Piva E, Silva AF. Is a calcium

hydroxide liner necessary in the treatment of deep caries

lesions? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Endod

J. 2019;52(5):588-603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/iej.13034.

PMid:30387864.

4. Rosa WLO, Cocco AR, Silva TMD, Mesquita LC, Galarça AD, Silva

AFD,etal. Current trends and future perspectives of dental pulp

capping materials: A systematic review. J Biomed Mater Res B

Appl Biomater. 2018;106(3):1358-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/

jbm.b.33934. PMid:28561919.

5. Tohidkhah S, Ahmadi E, Abbasi M, Morvaridi Farimani R, Ranjbar

Omrani L. Effect of bioinductive cavity liners on shear bond strength

of dental composite to dentin. BioMed Res Int. 2022;2022:3283211.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3283211. PMid:35342752.

6. Borghetti DL, Zimmer R, Portella FF, Reston EG, Klein-Junior

CA, Marinowic DR,etal. Effect of preheating on cytotoxicity

and physicochemical properties of light-cured calcium-based

cements. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2020;33(2):82-9. http://

dx.doi.org/10.54589/aol.33/2/082. PMid:32920609.

7. Saber AM, El Meligy AO, Alaki SM. Recent advances in indirect

pulp treatment materials for primary teeth: a literature review.

Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2021;14(6):795-801. http://dx.doi.

org/10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2073. PMid:35110874.

8. Kuga MC, Duarte MA, Sant’anna-Júnior A, Keine KC, Faria G,

Dantas AA, et al. Effects of calcium hydroxide addition on

the physical and chemical properties of a calcium silicate-

based sealer. J Appl Oral Sci. 2014;22(3):180-4. http://dx.doi.

org/10.1590/1678-775720130032. PMid:25025558.

9. Duarte MA, Martins CS, de Oliveira Cardoso Demarchi AC, de

Godoy LF, Kuga MC, Yamashita JC. Calcium and hydroxide

release from different pulp-capping materials. Oral Surg Oral

Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007;104(1):e66-9. http://

dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2007.01.024. PMid:17499530.

10. Centenaro CF, Santini MF, da Rosa RA, Nascimento AL, Kuga

MC, Pereira JR,etal. Effect of calcium hydroxide on the bond

strength of two bioactive cements and SEM evaluation of

Braz Dent Sci 2023 Oct/Dec;26 (4): e3945

Costa Neto PF et al.

Light-curing of calcium hydrox ide-based liners: pH analysis and calcium ion r elease

Costa Neto PF et al.

Light-curing of calcium hydroxide-based liners: pH analysis

and calcium ion release

failure patterns. Scanning. 2016;38(3):240-4. http://dx.doi.

org/10.1002/sca.21266. PMid:26331376.

11. Vasconcelos BC, Bernardes RA, Cruz SM, Duarte MA, Padilha M,

Bernardineli N,etal. Evaluation of pH and calcium ion release

of new root-end filling materials. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral

Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009;108(1):135-9. http://dx.doi.

org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.02.026. PMid:19451009.

12. Santos AD, Moraes JC, Araújo EB, Yukimitu K, Valério Filho WV.

Physico-chemical properties of MTA and a novel experimental

cement. Int Endod J. 2005;38(7):443-7. http://dx.doi.

org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2005.00963.x. PMid:15946264.

13. Estrela C, Sydney GB, Bammann LL, Felippe Júnior O. Mechanism

of action of calcium and hydroxyl ions of calcium hydroxide on

tissue and bacteria. Braz Dent J. 1995;6(2):85-90. PMid:8688662.

14. Madruga FC, Ogliari FA, Ramos TS, Bueno M, Moraes RR. Calcium

hydroxide, pH-neutralization and formulation of model self-

adhesive resin cements. Dent Mater. 2013;29(4):413-8. http://

dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2013.01.004. PMid:23398784.

15. Nilsen BW, Jensen E, Örtengren U, Michelsen VB. Analysis of

organic components in resin-modified pulp capping materials:

critical considerations. Eur J Oral Sci. 2017;125(3):183-94. http://

dx.doi.org/10.1111/eos.12347. PMid:28444854.

16. Pereira KF, Cruvinel RFS, Dantas ABR, Kuga MC. Evaluation of

calcium release and pH value of light-cured cavity liners for

pulp-capping materials. Rev Odontol UNESP. 2018;47(4):2-5.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-2577.06218.

17. Lehmann A, Nijakowski K, Drożdżyńska A, Przybylak M, Woś

P, Surdacka A. Influence of the polymerization modes on the

methacrylic acid release from dental light-cured materials-in

vitro study. Materials (Basel). 2022;15(24):8976. http://dx.doi.

org/10.3390/ma15248976. PMid:36556780.

18. Silva EJ, Hecksher F, Vieira VT, Vivan RR, Duarte MA, Brasil

SC,etal. Cytotoxicity, antibacterial and physicochemical

properties of a new epoxy resin-based endodontic sealer

containing calcium hydroxide. J Clin Exp Dent. 2020;12(6):e533-

9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4317/jced.56534. PMid:32665811.

19. Gandolfi MG, Siboni F, Prati C. Chemical-physical properties

of TheraCal, a novel light-curable MTA-like material for pulp

capping. Int Endod J. 2012;45(6):571-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/

j.1365-2591.2012.02013.x. PMid:22469093.

20. Camilleri J. Hydration characteristics of Biodentine and Theracal

used as pulp capping materials. Dent Mater. 2014;30(7):709-15.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2014.03.012. PMid:24793199.

21. Souza Costa CA, Teixeira HM, Lopes do Nascimento AB, Hebling

J. Biocompatibility of resin-based dental materials applied

as liners in deep cavities prepared in human teeth. J Biomed

Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2007;81(1):175-84. http://dx.doi.

org/10.1002/jbm.b.30651. PMid:16969818.

22. De Angelis F, Sarteur N, Buonvivere M, Vadini M, Šteffl M,

D’Arcangelo C. Meta-analytical analysis on components

released from resin-based dental materials. Clin Oral Investig.

2022;26(10):6015-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00784-022-

04625-4. PMid:35870020.

Mariana Bena Gelio

(Corresponding address)

Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Faculdade de Odontologia

de Araraquara, Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.

Email: marianagelio@outlook.com

Date submitted: 2023 July 05

Accept submission: 2023 Oct 10