Protocols to control contamination and strategies to optimize the clinical practice in Restorative Dentistry during the COVID-19 pandemic
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14295/bds.2020.v23i2.2256Abstract
The current outbreak of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) challenges how professional standards have been defined so far. In Dentistry, biosafety measures already taken by professionals have been intensified, aiming to offer the patient urgent and emergency treatment with safety for both. In this context, Restorative Dentistry is responsible for the care of patients with caries injuries, with or without symptoms and, fractures of teeth and existing restorations. This article guides professionals, during the pandemic period, on the risks involved in adult and pediatric dental care for patients with restorative needs. It also discusses strategies to optimize clinical practice, reducing risks of contamination and virus transmission.
Keywords
Operative Dentistry; Dentistry; Biosafety; Pandemics; COVID-19.
References
Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen YM, Wang W, Song ZG, et al. new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China [published correction appears in Nature. 2020 Apr;580(7803):E7]. Nature. 2020;579(7798):265‐69. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3
Mahase E. China coronavirus: WHO declares international emergency as death toll exceeds 200. BMJ. 2020;368:m408. Published 2020 Jan 31. doi:10.1136/bmj.m408
Special Expert Group for Control of the Epidemic of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia of the Chinese Preventive Medicine Associaton. An update on the epidemiological characteristics of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19). Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2020;41(2):139‐44. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2020.02.002
Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507‐13. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7
Boscolo-Rizzo P, Borsetto D, Spinato G, Fabbris C, Menegaldo A, Gaudioso P et al. New onset of loss of smell or taste in household contacts of home-isolated SARS-CoV-2-positive subjects. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;1‐4. doi:10.1007/s00405-020-06066-9
Vaira LA, Salzano G, Fois AG, Piombino P, De Riu G. Potential pathogenesis of ageusia and anosmia in COVID-19 patients. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2020;10.1002/alr.22593. doi:10.1002/alr.22593
Linton NM, Kobayashi T, Yang Y, Hayashi K, Akhmetzhanov AR, Jung SM, et al. Incubation period and other epidemiological characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus infections with right truncation: a statistical analysis of publicly available case Data. J Clin Med. 2020;9(2):538. Published 2020 Feb 17. doi:10.3390/jcm9020538
Meng L, Hua F, Bian Z. Coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19): emerging and future challenges for dental and oral medicine. J Dent Res. 2020;99(5):481‐7. doi:10.1177/0022034520914246
Passarelli PC, Rella E, Manicone PF, Garcia-Godoy F, D'Addona A. The impact of the COVID-19 infection in dentistry. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2020;1535370220928905. doi:10.1177/1535370220928905
Xu R, Cui B, Duan X, Zhang P, Zhou X, Yuan Q. Saliva: potential diagnostic value and transmission of 2019-nCoV. Int J Oral Sci. 2020;12(1):11. Published 2020 Apr 17. doi:10.1038/s41368-020-0080-z
Samaranayake LP, Reid J, Evans D. The efficacy of rubber dam isolation in reducing atmospheric bacterial contamination. ASDC J Dent Child. 1989;56(6):442‐4.
Mupparapu M, Kothari KRM. Review of surface disinfection protocols in dentistry: a 2019 update. Quintessence Int. 2019;50(1):58‐65. doi:10.3290/j.qi.a41337
Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hosp Infect. 2020;104(3):246‐51. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.022
World Health Organization. Infection prevention and control during health care when novel coronavirus (nCoV) infection is suspected [Internet]. WHO 2020. [cited 2020 May 3]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/infection-prevention-and-control-during-health-care-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspected-20200125. WHO/2019-nCoV/IPC/2020
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response. COVID-19 Pandemic Planning Scenarios. [Internet]. [cited 2020 May 3]. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/planning-scenarios.html. 2020.
Giudice A, Barone S, Muraca D, Averta F, Diodati F, Antonelli A, et al. Can teledentistry improve the monitoring of patients during the covid-19 dissemination? a descriptive pilot study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(10):E3399. Published 2020 May 13. doi:10.3390/ijerph17103399
Greenhalgh T, Wherton J, Shaw S, Morrison C. Video consultations for covid-19. BMJ. 2020;368:m998. Published 2020 Mar 12. doi:10.1136/bmj.m998
Ekeland AG, Bowes A, Flottorp S. Methodologies for assessing telemedicine: a systematic review of reviews. Int J Med Inform. 2012;81(1):1‐11. doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2011.10.009
Estai M, Kanagasingam Y, Tennant M, Bunt S. A systematic review of the research evidence for the benefits of teledentistry. J Telemed Telecare. 2018;24(3):147‐56. doi:10.1177/1357633X16689433
Irving M, Stewart R, Spallek H, Blinkhorn A. Using teledentistry in clinical practice as an enabler to improve access to clinical care: a qualitative systematic review. J Telemed Telecare. 2018;24(3):129‐46. doi:10.1177/1357633X16686776
To KKW, Tsang OTY, Yip CCY, Chan KH, Wu TC, Chan JMC et al. Consistent detection of 2019 novel coronavirus in saliva [published online ahead of print, 2020 Feb 12]. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;ciaa149. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa149
Kohn WG, Collins AS, Cleveland JL, Harte JA, Eklund KJ, Malvitz DM et al. Guidelines for infection control in dental health-care settings--2003. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2003;52(RR-17):1‐61.
Peng X, Xu X, Li Y, Cheng L, Zhou X, Ren B. Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. Int J Oral Sci. 2020;12(1):9. Published 2020 Mar 3. doi:10.1038/s41368-020-0075-9
Carrouel F, Conte MP, Fisher J, Gonçalves LS, Dussart C, Llodra JC, et al. COVID-19: A recommendation to examine the effect of mouthrinses with β-cyclodextrin combined with citrox in preventing infection and progression. J Clin Med. 2020;9(4):1126. Published 2020 Apr 15. doi:10.3390/jcm9041126
Rautemaa R, Nordberg A, Wuolijoki-Saaristo K, Meurman JH. Bacterial aerosols in dental practice - a potential hospital infection problem? J Hosp Infect. 2006 Sep;64:76-81. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2006.04.011.
van Doremalen N, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, Tamin A, et al. Aerosol and surface stability of sars-cov-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(16):1564‐7. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2004973
Stadnytskyi V, Bax CE, Bax A, Anfinrud P. The airborne lifetime of small speech droplets and their potential importance in SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117(22):11875‐7. doi:10.1073/pnas.2006874117
Discacciati JA, Sander HH, de Castilho LS, Resende VL. Verificação da dispersão de respingos durante o trabalho do cirurgião-dentista [Determination of the dispersion of microorganisms in the course of dental surgical activity]. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 1998;3(2):84‐7. doi:10.1590/s1020-49891998000200003
de Amorim RG, Frencken JE, Raggio DP, Chen X, Hu X, Leal SC. Survival percentages of atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) restorations and sealants in posterior teeth: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2018;22(8):2703‐25. doi:10.1007/s00784-018-2625-5
Mickenautsch S, Frencken JE, van't HM. Atraumatic restorative treatment and dental anxiety in outpatients attending public oral health clinics in South Africa. J Public Health Dent. 2007;67(3):179‐84. doi:10.1111/j.1752-7325.2007.00017.x
de Menezes Abreu DM, Leal SC, Frencken JE. Self-report of pain in children treated according to the atraumatic restorative treatment and the conventional restorative treatment--a pilot study. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2009;34(2):151‐5. doi:10.17796/jcpd.34.2.9k67p786l7126263
Banerjee A, Frencken JE, Schwendicke F, Innes NPT. Contemporary operative caries management: consensus recommendations on minimally invasive caries removal. Br Dent J. 2017;223(3):215‐22. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2017.672
Schwendicke F, Frencken JE, Bjorndal L, Maltz M, Manton DJ, Ricketts D, et al.. Managing carious lesions: consensus recommendations on carious tissue removal. Adv Dent Res. 2016;28(2):58‐67. doi:10.1177/0022034516639271
Gurgan S, Kutuk ZB, Cakir FY, Ergin E. A randomized controlled 10 years follow up of a glass ionomer restorative material in class I and class II cavities. J Dent. 2020 Mar;94:103175. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2019.07.013
Hutchison C, Cave V. 10 year comparison of glass ionomer and composite resin restoration materials in class 1 and 2 cavities. Evid Based Dent. 2019;20(4):113‐4. doi:10.1038/s41432-019-0059-9
Giray FE, Peker S, Durmus B, Kargül B. Microleakage of new glass ionomer restorative materials in permanent teeth. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2014;15(2):122‐6.
Ashwin R, Arathi R. Comparative evaluation for microleakage between Fuji-VII glass ionomer cement and light-cured unfilled resin: a combined in vivo in vitro study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2007;25(2):86‐7. doi:10.4103/0970-4388.33454
Baratieri LN, Ritter AV. Critical appraisal. To bevel or not in anterior composites. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2005;17(4):264‐9. doi:10.1111/j.1708-8240.2005.tb00126.x
Aida A, Nakajima M, Seki N, Kano Y, Foxton RM, Tagami J. Effect of enamel margin configuration on color change of resin composite restoration. Dent Mater J. 2016;35(4):675‐83. doi:10.4012/dmj.2016-039
Giannini M, Makishi P, Ayres AP, Vermelho PM, Fronza BM, Nikaido T, et al. Self-etch adhesive systems: a literature review. Braz Dent J. 2015;26(1):3‐10. doi:10.1590/0103-6440201302442
Suzuki S, Takamizawa T, Imai A, Tsujimoto A, Sai K, Takimoto M, et al. Bond durability of universal adhesive to bovine enamel using self-etch mode. Clin Oral Investig. 2018;22(3):1113‐22. doi:10.1007/s00784-017-2196-x
Dietschi D, Fahl N Jr. Shading concepts and layering techniques to master direct anterior composite restorations: an update. Br Dent J. 2016;221(12):765‐71. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.944
Romero MF. Esthetic anterior composite resin restorations using a single shade: Step-by-step technique. J Prosthet Dent. 2015;114(1):9‐12. doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2015.02.01
Influence of different etching modes on bond strength to enamel using universal adhesive systems. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2016;17(10):820‐5. Published 2016 Oct 1. doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1937
Prodan DA, Gasparik C, Mada DC, Miclăuş V, Băciuţ M, Dudea D. Influence of opacity on the color stability of a nanocomposite. Clin Oral Investig. 2015;19(4):867‐75. doi:10.1007/s00784-014-1315-1
Kemaloglu H, Karacolak G, Turkun LS. Can reduced-step polishers be as effective as multiple-step polishers in enhancing surface smoothness?. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2017;29(1):31‐40. doi:10.1111/jerd.12233
Hokett SD, Honey JR, Ruiz F, Baisden MK, Hoen MM. Assessing the effectiveness of direct digital radiography barrier sheaths and finger cots. J Am Dent Assoc. 2000;131(4):463‐7. doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2000.0202
Gamoh S, Akiyama H, Maruyama H, Ohshita N, Nakayama M, Matsumoto K, et al. Compliance with infection control practices when taking dental x-rays: Survey of a Japanese dental school. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2018;4(5):158‐66. Published 2018 Aug 2. doi:10.1002/cre2.124
Charuakkra A, Prapayasatok S, Janhom A, Verochana K, Mahasantipiya P. Infection control and patient discomfort with an alternative plastic barrier in intraoral digital radiography. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2017;46(2):20160253. doi:10.1259/dmfr.20160253
American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Re-emergence pediatric dentistry practice checklist [Internet]. 2020. [cited 2020 May]. Available from: https://www.aapd.org/globalassets/media/covid-19/aapd-practicechecklist.pdf
Dye BA, Hsu KL, Afful J. Prevalence and measurement of dental caries in young children. Pediatr Dent. 2015;37(3):200‐16.
Finucane D. Rationale for restoration of carious primary teeth: a review. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2012;13(6):281‐92. doi:10.1007/BF03320828
Feldens CA, Rodrigues PH, de Anastácio G, Vítolo MR, Chaffee BW. Feeding frequency in infancy and dental caries in childhood: a prospective cohort study. Int Dent J. 2018;68(2):113‐21. doi:10.1111/idj.12333
Rutala WA, Weber DJ. Disinfection and sterilization in health care facilities: what clinicians need to know. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(5):702‐9. doi:10.1086/423182
Song X, Vossebein L, Zille A. Efficacy of disinfectant-impregnated wipes used for surface disinfection in hospitals: a review. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019;8:139. Published 2019 Aug 19. doi:10.1186/s13756-019-0595-2
